The most simple way is the tunnel engineering for the railways / roads or mass rapid transportation systems to face the hill which is hard to bypass or to burrow into the ground.

No matter with digging and then covering, traditional drilling / explosion, the new Austrian or shield construction method, the lining concrete structure must withstand the pressure from the surrounding covering earth, lateral and road loads, vehicle running vibration and building. The diaphragm wall and lining-up structure must be continuously monitored to prevent from the deformation or damage.

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Examples of the applications:

1 The stress / strain measurement on the support frame of

   the continuous wall.